The EU's work to combat
human trafficking
Trafficking in human beings is a serious and evolving crime, which brings misery and often violence and degradation to millions of vulnerable people around the world.
Human trafficking can mean sexual exploitation, forced labour, forced criminal activities, forced begging, slavery and removal of organs. Other forms include forced marriage and illegal adoption, as well as the transportation of babies for sale.
Every year, thousands of people are identified as victims of human trafficking in the EU.
The EU and its member states have taken many measures to fight trafficking in human beings and are stepping up their efforts to stop this heinous crime.
In 2023 alone, 457 arrests were made and €4.1 million were seized thanks to EU action.
Six myths about human trafficking
Hidden in plain sight: the invisible victims
Human trafficking is a highly lucrative business with a lower risk of detection for perpetrators than many other forms of crime. Globally, traffickers make estimated profits of €29.4 billion in a single year.
Gangs, seemingly legitimate companies, recruitment agencies and even the victims’ relatives engage in this crime.
Trafficking in human beings is often hidden from view, and the distinction between it and other crimes, such as extortion, money laundering and drug trafficking can be blurred, meaning it is hard for investigators to pick up on it.
As a result, a significant number of cases of human trafficking, often involving multiple forms of exploitation, remains unrecorded.
The victims have no trust in the support services around them, in the police or in themselves. They think they are not taken seriously and that they are culprits rather than victims.
Victims are often fearful of reprisal or ashamed of their plight – because they were tricked into it or they find their situation humiliating – and, understandably, tend not to declare themselves to the authorities.
It is estimated that there are five to ten times more victims within the EU than reported.
Trafficked: stories of survivors
This section contains content that some readers may find disturbing.
Merel
Merel van Groningen was only 15 when she met Mike, a man ten years older than her who coaxed her into a relationship and then forced her into prostitution in the red-light district of The Hague, in the Netherlands. She managed to escape after three months.
Merel is one of thousands of victims of ‘loverboys’, the name given in the Netherlands to the pimps who use seductive skills to exploit young girls as prostitutes.
In 2020, she set up the Merel van Groningen Foundation to support young victims of sexual exploitation.
Ik ben Merel van Groningen uit Nederland. Ik ben op mijn vijftiende jaar seksueel uitgebuit achter de ramen in Den Haag.
Toen ik 15 jaar oud was, kwam ik onder invloed te staan van de 26- jarige Mike. Omdat er steeds meer ruzie thuis was, ging ik weglopen richting Mike zijn huis. Mijn ouders maakten zich zorgen en hebben uiteindelijk mij geplaatst in jeugdzorg.
Mike heeft mij daar later weggehaald met een pistool en in zijn huis genomen om voor mij te zorgen. Alle instanties waren ingeschakeld, zoals de politie, de kinderbescherming. Maar niemand kon mij een veilige plek bieden en mij daar weghalen. Een onderzoek van de kinderbescherming duurt zes maanden. Dat duurde veel te lang volgens mijn moeder.
De enige optie was om haar uit de ouderlijke macht te halen en me over te dragen aan de kinderrechter. Door de ondertoezichtstelling die uitgesproken werd, heeft de politie mij naar een veilige plek kunnen brengen. In totaal heb ik drie maanden door dit onderzoek en alle instanties die niet mij konden helpen gedwongen in de prostitutie moeten werken achter de ramen.
Een aantal jaar geleden werd ik benaderd door politiemensen “handel”. Of ik mee wilde denken in een casus waarin zeer jonge slachtoffers seksueel werden uitgebuit. Ze hadden geen vertrouwen in de hulporganisaties die eromheen zaten, geen vertrouwen in de politie en geen vertrouwen in henzelf. De ervaringsdeskundigheid die ik zelf heb en die ik heb ingezet in de gesprekken en de samenwerking met deze organisaties, had als resultaat dat de meisjes toch een klein beetje vertrouwen terugkregen en niet het gevoel hadden dat zij de dader waren maar echt slachtoffer, en serieus genomen werden.
Met deze mooie resultaten werd ik nog meer gevraagd en draaide er een proeftuin waarin ik in totaal 17 meisjes op deze manier heb begeleid. In 2020 hebben we daarom de Merel van Groningen Foundation opgericht. De Foundation leidt ex-slachtoffers op met erkende interventies die we zelf hebben ontwikkeld. Ze leren van de politie en advocaten een stukje strafrecht en met deze kennis begeleiden we nieuwe slachtoffers van 12 tot en met 30 jaar.
De Foundation ontwikkelt eigen interventies, tools en andere programma's vanuit eerste hand, de ervaring van de slachtoffers. We hebben een eigen gebonden comité van adviseurs uit het werkveld die ons adviseert indien gevraagd. Ze ontwikkelen op dit moment een tool die slachtoffers helpt met de politie te praten, terwijl ze in een vrij onbekend mechanisme zitten naar hun uitbuiters waarin ze denken dat ze zelf strafbaar zijn. Wij werken met een methode die in de voorbereiding zit om erkend te worden en die we wereldwijd kunnen uitleggen om met onze eigen ervaring, kennis, theorie van het strafrecht, de positie van de slachtoffers van nu kunnen helpen met het gerieven naar hun eigen leven terug.
I’m Merel van Groningen from the Netherlands. At the age of 15 I was sexually exploited in the red-light district of The Hague.
When I was 15 years old, I came under the influence of Mike, who was 26. As there were more and more arguments at home, I ran away to Mike’s house. My parents were worried and ended up placing me in youth care. Later, Mike came there with a gun to fetch me, and took me to his house to take care of me.
All the authorities were involved, such as the police and child protection. But nobody could offer me a safe place and take me away from there. An investigation by child protection takes six months. That was much too long, according to my mother. The only option was to take parental responsibility away from her and refer my case to the children’s judge. Following the judge’s decision to put me in care, the police were able to take me to a safe place. Owing to the investigation and the fact that none of the authorities could help me, I was forced to work in the red-light district for three months in total.
A few years ago I was approached by police officers dealing with trafficking. They asked if I could help them in a case where very young victims were being sexually exploited. The victims had no trust in the support services around them, in the police or in themselves. The personal expertise which I brought to the discussions and cooperation with those organisations resulted in the girls regaining a little confidence and feeling that they were genuine victims rather than the culprits, and were being taken seriously.
Following this positive outcome, I was asked to do more and ran a pilot whereby I accompanied a total of 17 girls in this way. In 2020 we set up the Merel van Groningen Foundation for this purpose. The foundation trains ex-victims using recognised practices that we have developed ourselves. They learn a bit about criminal law from the police and lawyers and with this knowledge we support new victims aged between 12 and 30. The foundation develops its own practices, tools and other programmes based on victims’ first- hand experience.
We have our own committee of experts who advise us on request. They
are currently developing a tool to help victims talk with the police when they find
themselves in an unfamiliar system alongside their exploiters, feeling as though they
themselves have committed an offence. We use a method which is being prepared for
approval and which we can roll out worldwide in order, using our own experience and
theory of criminal law, to help current victims to [...] their own lives again.
Zita
Zita Cabais-Obra decided to leave the Philippines in 1994, to escape poverty and to give her four children a better future.
She embarked on a long and dangerous journey to reach France, where her passport was confiscated and she was forced into domestic servitude.
She escaped after four years of exploitation and managed to bring the perpetrators to justice. Zita is a member of the International Survivors of Trafficking Advisory Council and of the ‘Comité Contre l'Esclavage Moderne‘.
I'm Zita Cabais and I have French nationality. I was born and lived in the remote area in Western Philippines, from a very poor family. I wanted to have a better living, so I applied to work abroad. But I fell into the hands of the illegal recruiter, who brought me into Europe from Budapest, walking across European borders by foot.
In November 1994, I finally arrived in Paris and found myself undocumented, forced to work with very long hours every day. I was noticed by the concierge who helped me think and realise that my situation was not normal. Then I decided to leave and escape. I brought my exploiter to justice where I won every trial in court.
They also tried to buy my dignity, saying 'How much do you want? Abandon the case', but I said I wanted the reality of justice. In my experience, many victims are afraid to talk about their situations, and we must not forget that majority of of victims are migrants and came from remote villages in their country of origin.
One, they don't want to denounce because they don't want to lose their jobs and don't put their families to hunger. Two, they are afraid because their exploiters are maybe powerful and protected. Then those vulnerable victims remain silent because they don't have choices at all.
And what I realise in my own experience is a survivor's voice is a fundamental tool to combat human trafficking. I know that my voice is powerful to help victims.. because I experienced what was the reality in the ground, uh, the journey from tragedy to justice. A victim can say that if Zita managed to make a change, then what about me?
So I encourage many victims behind and this is more than a palliative cure to their trauma. Collaborations with civil society is also crucial, because they are the one at the first door to knock on and maybe without them, I wouldn't be here today. The trade union was also very important for me because I consider that it's was my school. I learned a lot. I learned to identify and defend my rights as well as others too. You know, when we don't know our rights, we ignore everything and then will stay vulnerable every time.
Zita
Zita Cabais-Obra decided to leave the Philippines in 1994, to escape poverty and to give her four children a better future. She embarked on a long and dangerous journey to reach France, where her passport was confiscated and she was forced into domestic servitude.
She escaped after four years of exploitation and managed to bring the perpetrators to justice. Zita is a member of the International Survivors of Trafficking Advisory Council and of the ‘Comité Contre l'Esclavage Moderne‘.
I'm Zita Cabais and I have French nationality. I was born and lived in the remote area in Western Philippines, from a very poor family. I wanted to have a better living, so I applied to work abroad. But I fell into the hands of the illegal recruiter, who brought me into Europe from Budapest, walking across European borders by foot.
In November 1994, I finally arrived in Paris and found myself undocumented, forced to work with very long hours every day. I was noticed by the concierge who helped me think and realise that my situation was not normal. Then I decided to leave and escape. I brought my exploiter to justice where I won every trial in court.
They also tried to buy my dignity, saying 'How much do you want? Abandon the case', but I said I wanted the reality of justice. In my experience, many victims are afraid to talk about their situations, and we must not forget that majority of of victims are migrants and came from remote villages in their country of origin.
One, they don't want to denounce because they don't want to lose their jobs and don't put their families to hunger. Two, they are afraid because their exploiters are maybe powerful and protected. Then those vulnerable victims remain silent because they don't have choices at all.
And what I realise in my own experience is a survivor's voice is a fundamental tool to combat human trafficking. I know that my voice is powerful to help victims.. because I experienced what was the reality in the ground, uh, the journey from tragedy to justice. A victim can say that if Zita managed to make a change, then what about me?
So I encourage many victims behind and this is more than a palliative cure to their trauma. Collaborations with civil society is also crucial, because they are the one at the first door to knock on and maybe without them, I wouldn't be here today. The trade union was also very important for me because I consider that it's was my school. I learned a lot. I learned to identify and defend my rights as well as others too. You know, when we don't know our rights, we ignore everything and then will stay vulnerable every time.
Maïté
Maïté Lønne was a vulnerable young woman when she applied for a job as a waitress in a seemingly legitimate company via Facebook. She was tricked into sexual exploitation in Liège (Belgium), at the age of 20.
Her testimony helped to bring down a sexual exploitation network and arrest the traffickers.
Today, she collaborates with many associations and NGOs to combat sex trafficking and protect children from all forms of violence.
Je m'appelle Maïté Lønne. Je suis de nationalité belge et j'ai été vendue dans un réseau de traite belge et uniquement en Belgique. Alors, en deux mille douze, j'étais toute jeune adulte. Je sortais à peine des foyers de l'aide à l'enfance.
Je cherchais un job étudiant. J'ai envoyé mon CV via Facebook à une société d'événementiel pour travailler dans la restauration. J'ai eu rapidement une réponse de la secrétaire de cette société qui m'a convié à un entretien d'embauche. Je m'y suis rendue, c'était dans un restaurant à Liège et quand je suis arrivée sur place, il n'y avait pas de repas prévu. Les chaises étaient retournées sur les tables et j'ai directement été violée.
Et à la fin, on m'a jeté une liasse de billets au visage et une camionnette m'a jeté devant les escaliers de la gare de Liège-Guillemins, et je ne sais même pas comment je suis rentrée chez moi. Et par la suite, je me suis énormément confiée à la secrétaire de la société qui s'est excusée auprès de moi en me disant: "Je suis vraiment désolé. Il m'est arrivé la même chose que toi, ils me forcent à recruter". Et donc c'est devenu un peu ma confidente. Et celui qui m'a violé me harcelait au téléphone, en fait.
Je ne comprenais pas pourquoi. Ni vraiment ce qui s'était passé. Est-ce que j'avais été violée ? Est-ce que j'avais été vendue ? C'était très flou. Et elle m'a dit: "Décroche, parce que si tu ne réponds pas, si tu ne fais pas ce qu'il te dit, ce sera pire pour toi". Une voiture venait constamment me chercher à gauche, à droite, m'emmener chez des particuliers, dans des hôtels. Hôtels qui ne vérifient jamais l'identité des femmes qui arrivent, qui ne savent donc jamais si elle est mineure ou majeure, si elle est consentante ou non.
Et en fait, je ne me suis pas échappée. Du jour au lendemain, mon téléphone a cessé de sonner. Parce que en fait, c'était un réseau. Je ne le savais pas parce que je ne croisais pas les autres victimes. Je ne savais pas combien on était et apparemment ils étaient sur écoute. Il y avait déjà une enquête qui se faisait depuis une petite année et il s'est tout simplement fait arrêter. Donc six personnes ont été arrêtées par la brigade traite des êtres humains de Liège: Cinq primo délinquants qui ont été relâchés avec deux ans de sursis et une amende. Et le chef qui était multirécidiviste, donc le violeur en question, lui a pris huit ans fermes et il est sorti fin deux mille vingt et un.
Quand il a disparu, je ne comprenais pas pourquoi je pensais que c'était un test, qu'il allait me sauter dessus pour voir si j'allais essayer de le retrouver. Même quand j'ouvrais ma poubelle, j'avais peur qu'il en sorte. Et un jour, je reçois un coup de téléphone de l'inspecteur principal de de Liège qui me dit: "Voilà, est ce que vous connaissez cet individu ?" Je dis d'abord non. Ensuite il me dit: "Si, je sais que vous le connaissez". Et euh… il m'a dit: "J'aimerais que vous puissiez venir à mon bureau pour en discuter". Il m'a demandé si j'étais venue en entretien d'embauche. J'ai dit: "oui, mais je ne convenais pas, merci au revoir". Et il m'a dit: "Écoutez, je vais vous expliquer le dossier. Je vais vous montrer le nombre de victimes. Je vais vous montrer les écoutes téléphoniques. Je vais tout vous montrer et après seulement vous me direz si vous avez quelque chose à me dire ou pas". Il m'a montré une pile énorme de noms de victimes. Il n'y en a qu'une petite dizaine qui ont osé parler. On avait entre quatorze et vingt-deux ans. Les plus âgées postulaient pour un poste en tant que serveuse dans un restaurant et les plus jeunes étaient piochées sur les sites Top model Belgium, Miss Belgique et ce genre de choses. Il y avait un faux studio photo qui était aménagé au-dessus du restaurant, et ils violaient du coup les mineures comme ça. Chacune avait une menace bien spécifique parce qu'il nous connaissait très bien, parce qu'il épluchait nos Facebook. On pouvait s'en prendre à menacer la petite sœur de 7 ans de l'une… ou enfin n'importe qui ait un lien avec la victime.
Et donc du coup j'ai fait partie effectivement des dix personnes qui ont parlé et confirmé des faits, mais en restant assez craintive, en étant persuadée que j'allais finir moi en prison, que j'étais fautive. Donc je n'en ai pas dit trop non plus. Mais les éléments étaient tellement… il y avait tellement d'éléments que en fait, je n'avais pas grand-chose à dire à part signer une déclaration. Et par contre, le matin du procès, j'étais incapable de m'y rendre. Donc euh… et d'ailleurs il y a qu'une seule victime qui a assisté au procès, la presse. Et euh… et voilà, et il a pris huit ans fermes.
My name is Maïté Lønne. I’m Belgian, and I was sold in a Belgian trafficking network, in Belgium only. In 2012 I was a very young adult. I’d just got out of children’s homes.
I was looking for a student job. I sent my CV on Facebook to an events company to work in catering. The company’s secretary got back to me really quickly and invited me to a job interview. I went – it was in a restaurant in Liège – and when I got there, there was no sign of any meals, the chairs were on the tables, and I was raped straight away.
When it was over, I got a bundle of money thrown in my face, and I was dumped from a van in front of the stairs of Liège-Guillemins station, and I don’t even know how I got home. After that I confided a lot in the company’s secretary, who apologised to me, saying, ‘I’m really sorry. The same thing happened to me. They force me to recruit.’ So she became, in a way, my confidante. The man who raped me harassed me on the phone.
I didn’t understand why. Or what had actually happened. Had I been raped? Had I been sold? It was really unclear. And she told me, ‘Pick up, because if you don’t answer, if you don’t do what he says, it’ll be worse for you.’ A car would always be coming to pick me up in all sorts of places, take me to people’s houses, to hotels. These hotels never check the identity of the women who turn up, so they never know whether she’s a minor or an adult, whether she’s consenting or not.
In the end I didn’t actually escape. All of a sudden, my phone stopped ringing. Because, in fact, it was a network. I didn’t know, because I never met the other victims, I didn’t know how many of us there were. Apparently the phones had been tapped, there was already an investigation which had been going on for about a year and he simply got arrested. So six people were arrested by the Liège human trafficking unit. Five first-time offenders, who were released with two-year suspended sentences and a fine. And the leader, a multiple repeat offender, the rapist I mentioned, he got eight years in prison, and he got out at the end of 2021.
When he disappeared, I didn’t understand why, and I thought it was a test, that he was going to jump out at me, to see if I was going to try to find him. Even when I opened my dustbin I was scared he would jump out. One day I got a call from the Chief Inspector of Liège who said, ‘Do you know this individual?’ At first I said no. Then he said, ‘Yes, you do, I know you know him.’ And he said, ‘I’d like you to come to my office to talk about it.’ He asked me if I’d been for a job interview. I said, ‘Yes, but I wasn’t suitable, thank you, goodbye.’ And he said, ‘Listen, let me explain the file to you. I’ll show you the number of victims. I’ll show you the wiretaps. I’ll show you everything, and then you can say whether you have anything to tell me or not.’ He showed me a huge pile of victims’ names. There were only about dozen who had dared to talk.
We were between 14 and 22 years old. The oldest had applied for a job as a waitress in the restaurant and the youngest had been picked up from sites like Top Model Belgium, Miss Belgium and that sort of thing. There was a fake photo studio set up above the restaurant, and that's how they raped the underage girls. They threatened every one of them with something really specific to them, because they knew us really well, because they had been through our Facebook accounts. They could get someone by threatening her seven-year-old little sister, or anything related to the victim.
So, I am actually one of the 10 people who talked and confirmed what had happened, but I was still quite frightened, because I was convinced that I would end up in prison myself, that it was my fault. So I didn’t say too much either. But the evidence was so… There was so much evidence that in fact I didn’t have to say much apart from signing a statement. On the other hand, on the morning of the trial, I couldn’t face going. There was only one victim who attended the trial, and the press was there. And there you are, he got eight years in prison.
Ali
Ali reached France in 2013 after a dangerous journey from Egypt across the Mediterranean sea. The criminals who promised him a job forced him into slavery in the construction sector.
He lived in a container and worked up to 15 hours per day for nine months, with no pay and little food.
After a period in the street, he started a new life thanks to the French association ‘Comité Contre l'Esclavage Moderne‘. The police have never found his exploiter.
My name is Ali. I am 43 years old. I'm from Egypt. First of all, I was in Egypt. I was working in a market and someone I was, I was seeing someone, he was coming to buy things and he started to speak with me about France and about how good is France and why you work here. If you wanted to help your family, you can, you have to come to France.
And he convinced me to come to France, OK, to help my family to work more and so on. And then I took money from my father. I took money from my friend and I came with him and it was a long journey to come from Egypt to Italy and from Italy to here.
[The journey] took seven, eight, 10 days. It was just like you see in TV. He was the one who organized everything from Egypt until Italy. And then he sent someone to take me from Italy to here, all of these things illegally. So I came here and I work with him. I work with him in construction.
I was working as a worker. I carriedheavy thing. I did difficult stuff. I was sleeping in container. I didn't have much food. He was treating me just like an animal and all, not, not most of the time, all the time he was hitting me. 'If you try to run away, the police will catch you and we will send you to Egypt.'
And I had nowhere to escape. So I stayed with him about nine months in three different places. When we started to ask about our money, he would say he was supporting me and the other man in this room. He was treating us like we were in prison, But even people in prison, they have a shower. We didn't have a shower for long time. People in prison can have food. They live life better than me and the other man. We had no life. The last building he put us in, he said 'Well now I have confidence in you.'
I knew he will never come back. I took money as security from my friend, from my father. So I was afraid of the police and when I heard the sound of a police car, I run. Because I thought all the police of France were searching for me to arrest me, to send me to Egypt. I went one day to a mosque, a big mosque here in France. And I started to speak with people about my situation. I was very lucky. Someone listened to me and told me 'I am so sorry for you. I will give [details of] an association who can help people just like you.' And I told him I had no money, I had no phone. I had nothing, and he bought me a small mobile and a SIM card. I called the CCEM to ask them to help me. And from the minute from the first of all, I started to speak with them, my life completely changed. It's the CCEM association who help me in everything, to find a small house, to help me to find work. And the most important thing that they take out fear from me.
And they encourage me to make a report, to go to the police, to, to accuse this man about what he was doing to me, how he treated me very badly, how he was treating me. There are too many people treated just like me, but because they have no papers, because they are illegal here in Europe, they are scared to go to the police.
Ali
Ali reached France in 2013 after a dangerous journey from Egypt across the Mediterranean sea. The criminals who promised him a job forced him into slavery in the construction sector. He lived in a container and worked up to 15 hours per day for nine months, with no pay and little food.
After a period in the street, he started a new life thanks to the French association ‘Comité Contre l'Esclavage Moderne‘. The police have never found his exploiter.
My name is Ali. I am 43 years old. I'm from Egypt. First of all, I was in Egypt. I was working in a market and someone I was, I was seeing someone, he was coming to buy things and he started to speak with me about France and about how good is France and why you work here. If you wanted to help your family, you can, you have to come to France.
And he convinced me to come to France, OK, to help my family to work more and so on. And then I took money from my father. I took money from my friend and I came with him and it was a long journey to come from Egypt to Italy and from Italy to here.
[The journey] took seven, eight, 10 days. It was just like you see in TV. He was the one who organised everything from Egypt until Italy. And then he sent someone to take me from Italy to here, all of these things illegally. So I came here and I work with him. I work with him in construction.
I was working as a worker. I carried heavy things. I did difficult stuff. I was sleeping in container. I didn't have much food. He was treating me just like an animal and all, not, not most of the time, all the time he was hitting me. 'If you try to run away, the police will catch you and we will send you to Egypt.'
And I had nowhere to escape. So I stayed with him about nine months in three different places. When we started to ask about our money, he would say he was supporting me and the other man in this room. He was treating us like we were in prison, But even people in prison, they have a shower. We didn't have a shower for long time. People in prison can have food. They live life better than me and the other man. We had no life. The last building he put us in, he said 'Well now I have confidence in you.'
I knew he will never come back. I took money as security from my friend, from my father. So I was afraid of the police and when I heard the sound of a police car, I run. Because I thought all the police of France were searching for me to arrest me, to send me to Egypt. I went one day to a mosque, a big mosque here in France. And I started to speak with people about my situation. I was very lucky. Someone listened to me and told me 'I am so sorry for you. I will give [details of] an association who can help people just like you.' And I told him I had no money, I had no phone. I had nothing, and he bought me a small mobile and a SIM card. I called the CCEM to ask them to help me. And from the minute from the first of all, I started to speak with them, my life completely changed. It's the CCEM association who help me in everything, to find a small house, to help me to find work. And the most important thing that they take out fear from me.
And they encourage me to make a report, to go to the police, to, to accuse this man about what he was doing to me, how he treated me very badly, how he was treating me. There are too many people treated just like me, but because they have no papers, because they are illegal here in Europe, they are scared to go to the police.
Traffickers exploit the internet
The internet, social media and digital platforms have given criminals additional advantages, including greater anonymity, a larger audience to be tricked and the possibility to control victims over a greater distance.
Traffickers use digital technologies to recruit, exploit, and advertise for victims, to organise their transportation and accommodation and to hide criminal proceeds.
For instance, photographs have been used to blackmail people via social media.
I sent my CV to a company via Facebook. I was invited to a job interview. On the spot, the trap closes. I am raped. Sold. Silenced.
Some criminals have gone as far as setting up false recruitment agencies online to lure people in. Traffickers also search the internet for requests for work made by jobseekers, which they exploit.
Young people are, according to Europol, particularly vulnerable to online exploitation. They tend to have poor ‘digital hygiene’ – being less likely to change passwords and clear files – and thus leaving much personal information on them available.
The EU’s efforts against trafficking
Human trafficking is not only a crime. It is also a flagrant violation of the values that the EU is built on. Fighting it is a top priority for the European Union.
Article 5 of the EU Charter of Fundamental Rights:
- no one shall be held in slavery or servitude
- no one shall be required to perform forced or compulsory labour
- trafficking in human beings is banned
Over the years, the EU and its member states have developed a stronger and evolving response to this crime, focusing on policing and prevention.
Together, the EU and its member states follow a comprehensive approach, from prevention of the crime to the prosecution and conviction of criminals, while protecting the victims at all stages.
Adopted in 2011, the anti-trafficking directive draws on the UN’s protocol to prevent, suppress and punish trafficking in persons and the Council of Europe’s convention on action against trafficking in human beings.
It recognises that trafficking in human beings is not just a crime but a human rights violation, and that member states have a responsibility to protect victims regardless of their country of origin.
The directive also provides tougher rules for dealing with the trafficking of children. Member states must provide all child victims of trafficking with assistance and access to education.
In June 2024, the EU decided to add the exploitation of surrogacy, forced marriage and illegal adoption as forms of exploitation covered by the EU’s anti-trafficking law. In addition, knowingly using the service provided by a trafficking victim has become a criminal offence that is punishable by effective, proportionate and dissuasive penalties.
The EU’s anti-trafficking coordinator, Diane Schmitt, is responsible for improving cooperation between EU institutions, EU agencies, member states and international partners, and for developing existing and new policies.
Fighting human trafficking is one of the top priorities of the European Multidisciplinary Platform Against Criminal Threat (EMPACT), the EU's flagship instrument for fighting serious and organised crime.
EU-wide police operations
EU member states have the primary responsibility for eradicating trafficking in human beings in their own jurisdictions. However, cooperation among member states is necessary to stop this horrific crime.
Law enforcement authorities from all EU countries work together to fight human trafficking through EMPACT, with the support of EU agencies such as Europol, Frontex and Eurojust.
And the results have been significant.
Between 2018 and 2023, 5 555 arrests were made and 4 690 investigations were carried out. Cash seizures were made, with a value totalling more than €39 million.
During that time, 29 333 victims of human trafficking were identified under EMPACT.
In 2023, 7 536 victims were identified under EMPACT, with 430 arrests reported. Cash seizures were made, totalling €583 000.
One notable success in 2023 was Operation Global Chain targeting criminal networks potentially exploiting victims originating from South America, Asia, Africa, the Western Balkans and Ukraine. Thanks to this operation, 1 426 potential victims were identified and 212 people were arrested.
The EU’s anti-trafficking strategy
In 2021, the European Union launched its four-year strategy on combatting trafficking in human beings.
The strategy focuses on:
- reducing the demand that fosters trafficking in the first place, including clarifying companies’ responsibilities
- breaking the business model of traffickers, both online and offline, for example by working with tech firms to reduce access to platforms
- protecting, supporting and empowering victims, with a particular focus on women and children
- increasing international cooperation, with more exchange of information with non-EU countries
The EU has allocated €13 million in funding to implement these priorities.
Risks of human trafficking in Ukraine
Traffickers thrive in times of conflict and instability, when people are more vulnerable. After Russia’s invasion of Ukraine, millions of people - mostly women and children - crossed into the EU. Thousands of unaccompanied children were among them.
Criminal organisations were active on the EU-Ukraine border before the invasion, but Russia’s aggression has increased traffickers’ opportunities, as reported recruitment attempts by traffickers confirm.
The war has caused millions to flee their homes and seek refuge outside Ukraine. They are particularly vulnerable to human traffickers. We, the EU, are committed to protecting them and to keeping them safe.
Since the first day of the war, the EU and its member states have been at the forefront of efforts to prevent and combat trafficking. In March 2022, they activated the temporary protection directive, giving millions of refugees from Ukraine access to the labour market, health, social care and education. In one move this made them less vulnerable and susceptible to trafficking.
EU countries work together to combat criminals in Ukraine through EMPACT. An example of this cooperation is the EU joint police operation against criminal gangs using websites and social media to groom Ukrainian refugees for sexual and labour exploitation.
In May 2022, the EU adopted an anti-trafficking plan for Ukraine, which includes emergency 24-hour helplines for potential victims, awareness material at border checkpoints and registration centres, and regular newsletters as well as a dedicated EU website for refugees.
Trafficking in human beings is an evolving and ever-present threat to the values of European and global civilisation.
As a priority, the EU will continue to fight it and adapt to every new challenge.
Updated on 25 July 2024
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